The Human Rights Act 1998 Essay - 1967 Words

Human Rights Act 1998 The Human Rights Act 1998 sets out the rights and freedoms of every citizen in the United Kingdom. The HRA has three main effects, the first one is that it incorporates set out in the European Convention of Human Rights into British law. Therefore if someone in the UK were to breech your Human Rights you would be able to deal with this through the British court instead of the European Court of Human Rights in France, which is what people had to do previously if their human rights were breeched. This means in Britain in requires everyone (schools, police, courts, local authorities and hospitals) carrying out public functions to respect and protect their own and others human rights. These rights are called Convention Rights. For the Human Rights Act to work it means all public bodies have to work with government, the public can do this by respecting the rights and the government will put the laws in place so that others respect your human rights too. For example, everyone has the right to life and this doesn’t only rely on the government to make sure you receive this right, but it also depends on those around you not to harm you in any way, this is why the government has put in laws to try and stop people from harming you so that you get that basic right. Human Rights Timeline: †¢ Universal Declaration on Human Rights 1948 UDHR came into force on the 10th December 1948 †¢ European Convention on Human Rights 1950 ECHR came into force on the 3rdShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights Act 1998 ( Hra )3755 Words   |  16 PagesSection C: 8 Before the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) coming into force, the UK subscribed to a ‘weak’ judicial review. However, the Act has brought a drastic change into the practice of judicial review in the UK. In this essay, I shall argue that with the new powers conferred to the courts under sections 3 and 4 (ss 3 and 4) of the HRA, they have developed a mechanism which allows the court to communicate with Parliament through their interpretations although the practice of judicial review remainsRead MoreSignificance of Section 3 and 4 of the Human Rights Act 19981312 Words   |  5 PagesThe power to strike down Acts of Parliament is defined as the power to declare legislation invalid because it is unconstitutional. This paper will critically assess sections 3 and 4 of the HRA 1998 by defining them, reviewing case law surrounding their use, and by evaluating the powers that they give to the judiciary. By doing so, it will demonstrate that section 3 gives judges powers that are no t significantly different from the power to strike down Acts of Parliament, whereas section 4 does notRead MoreThe Between The Uk Parliament And The Human Rights Act 1998 ( Hra ) On Sovereignty1030 Words   |  5 PagesParliamentary Sovereignty is, as Dicey coined â€Å"the right to make or unmake any law whatever†¦ [with] no person or body†¦ having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.† Immediately, we see a contradiction between the UK Parliament and the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) on sovereignty. The issues David Cameron puts forward in his speech have all attracted much attention from a Human Rights perspective. More and more the European Courts of Human Rights (ECHR) are becoming an integral part ofRead MoreThe Extent to Which the Human Rights Act of 1998 Strengthened the Rule of Law in the U.K. Constitution2570 Words   |  11 PagesThe Extent to Which the Human Rights Act of 1998 Strengthened the Rule of Law in the U.K. Constitut ion The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA), an Act introduced to give effect to rights from the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in domestic legislation. Its introduction has affected many legal areas; especially the conceptions of the rule of law and their place in the UK constitution. To understand the effect of the HRA, it is first necessary to establish the initial statusRead MoreHuman Rights Act of 1998681 Words   |  3 PagesConvention on Human Rights exists to guarantee legal protection to fundamental rights. It will examine how rights are protected in law and the way the UK approaches the protection of these rights. Explanation will be made of the way that the UK addresses the implementation of the rights in the English legal system. Issues such as conflicting rights and legal limitations will also be considered. An evaluation will be made of whether or not The Human Rights Act 1998 protects the fundamental rights of UKRead MoreThe Human Rights Act 19981486 Words   |  6 Pages The Human Rights Act 1998 The Human Rights Act 1998 was fully enforced in 2000 and describes further effect to freedoms and rights that are entitled under the ECHR (the European Convention on Human Rights) (Ward, Wragg Walker 2011, p. 146). The constitutional framework of the United Kingdom implies that the Human Rights Act 1998 is not ‘embedded’ in the same way as the human rights papers that are adopted by many nations in the world. Nonetheless, it is argued that any attempt to amend or repealRead MoreHuman Right Act, 1998766 Words   |  4 Pagescommunities which are not mainstream, often face additional challenges and barriers in escaping the domestic violence they are experiencing. Religion plays a vital role in that factor. Everybody has the right to worship whichever way they want to worship. Human Right Act, 1998. Vulnerable people have the right to privacy and protection from harm. Invasion of privacy is also an issue in residential homes where some staff members do not knock before en tering a resident’s room. Network of support- When anRead MoreThe Human Rights Act 19981355 Words   |  6 PagesThis is applicable to public authorities in the regard that it is fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty upon them as they act for the collective welfare of society. Newtown Council is a local government authority exercising public function; it is therefore susceptible to liability. Furthermore, it is important to note that the introduction of the Human Rights Act 1998 has affected the law of negligence, a breach of duty that results in damage to the claimant. This area of law has shown to beRead MoreThe Human Rights Act 19981470 Words   |  6 PagesThe Human Rights Act 1998 sets out fundamental rights for everyone within the UK. This incorporates the rights in which were set out in the European Convention on Human Rights, meaning if a persons’ rights are breached, the case can be brought to UK court rather than seeking justice from the European Court of Human Rights located in Franc e. In practice, this ensures all new laws are compatible with the Human Rights. The European Court of Human Rights; which focuses on humanities basic necessitiesRead MoreThe Human Rights Act 1998914 Words   |  4 Pagesimplications in regards to this study and the relevance to this particular case. The Human Rights Act 1998 according to Wild and Weinstein (2013-p217) came into force on the 2nd of October 2010. It seeks to protect the rights of all European nations. (LIST ALL RIGHTS IF YOU HAVE THE WORD COUNT) The Equality Act 2006 according to personnel today (2006) was firstly to establish the Commission for Equality and Human Rights, this is applicable to discrimination on grounds of beliefs and religions in the

Characteristics Of My Greatest Strengths - 962 Words

Three of my greatest strengths, which I also perceive as my abilities, are patience, empathy, and determination. From a young age, these characteristics allowed me to mentor and support my aunt when she was most vulnerable. Additionally, I utilized these traits as a backbone throughout my high school years and undergraduate time. At home, I am the oldest and only girl of four younger brothers, ages ranging from 4-to-12. During high school, I worked part-time, held positions on school s clubs, volunteered through agencies and assisted my brothers with homework and dropped them to school every morning. I effectively sustained each position because I naturally cared about everyone around me, was determined to be independent, stay active in my community and obtain an education. Reflecting back, I am confident that these traits have landed me to this academic year, which I am grateful to encounter. My ability to be empathetic will provide authenticity to my professional communication styl e, and strengthen my interpersonal relationships. On the other hand, my strength of patience will guide me as I develop an all-inclusive skill of cultural competence. With determination, I see myself endeavoring to help clients by precisely selecting interventions or treatments that focus on each client s situation and consistently pursuing opportunities to educate myself as a professional. When I was a young girl in West Africa, Liberia, seeing oppression and living through povertyShow MoreRelatedThe History of Utilitarianism1054 Words   |  5 Pagesethicists based on the given scenario for this case, and assume what a person representing these theories would recommend Alex as the right thing to do. Also inspect their justification process including some of the strength and weakness of each philosophical view. In addition, clarify my stance on what is the right thing to do for this case and the justification for it, and present proof to elucidate the unlawful practice presented in this case. To begin with, based on the extensive examinationRead MorePersonality Analysis : Personality Plus 1074 Words   |  5 Pageswhat the four’s strengths and weaknesses are and how this concept can be useful in the creation of a more positive life. By reading â€Å"Personality Plus†, I was especially able to feel more regular. My temperament, the Melancholy, has a tendency to feel as if no other person is like themselves (Littaur 104). Because of this, my discovery that other people felt the same was an enormous weight lifted off of my shoulders. I was able to discover my own temperaments, the strengths of my temperaments andRead MoreThe Character of Lennie in Of Mice and Men Essay673 Words   |  3 PagesCharacter of Lennie in Of Mice and Men In my opinion, Lennie Small is the most interesting character in Steinbecks novel Of Mice and Men. Steinbeck does a very good job describing and characterizing Lennies personality. Lennies character is, indeed, quite unique. A large man with enormous strength, yet kind and childlike, he seems to find joy in simple life pleasures like petting a furry animal and making the water ripple. Lennies greatest difficulty seems to be remembering; and it isRead MoreThe Qualities Of An Anglo Saxon Hero1014 Words   |  5 Pages Bravery. Honor. Intelligence. Loyalty. Sense of Duty. Selflessness. Sense of Justice. Strength. Boasting. These are the common characteristics of an Anglo-Saxon hero. Anglo-Saxon heroes display some or all of these attributes, which help distinguish them as a hero. Much like Batman and Superman or other heros of modern day, Anglo-Saxon heroes protect the public against evil foes, or perhaps Villains. They act courageously and selflessly, without seeking personal gain . Also, they possess an overwhelmingRead MoreTrait Theory1041 Words   |  5 Pagestrait theory’s origins, approach, strengths, and critiques. Origins Arguably the first approach to the study of leadership, the trait approach was employed in the field long before it was tackled in the classroom. After all, Sun Tzu preached â€Å"know your enemies† (Sun Tzu, 2002 pg. 6) long before Socrates entreated students to â€Å"know thyself† (Socrates, 1879, pg. xi). From ancient battlefields to philosophical mysteries, understanding the inherent characteristics of a person has proven a worthyRead MorePersonal Statement : Personal Development777 Words   |  4 PagesI cannot understand my strengths and weakness. Sometimes, leaders greatest strengths may become their greatest liabilities. Their personal characteristics and behavior forms may adversely influence how others perceive them. Reflective Leaders are sometimes considered reserved or even indifferent which results in feeling undervalued, misunderstood, ignored, and not acknowledged for their contributions. To maximize my most valuable asset and to be a more impactful leader in my future career, I needRead MoreMy Nursing Experience749 Words   |  3 Pagesmany life experiences that have influenced my interest in becoming a nurse. My father is a family physician in the semi-rural area where I grew up. As I became old enough to participate, I had chances to assist my dad in minor procedures and clerical office management. I have also assisted my father outside of the office in helping to stitch up siblings and other family members after minor accidents occurred. I knew early on that one of my desires and strengths would be to challenge myself mentally whileRead MorePortrayal of Women in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Lanval1382 Words   |  6 PagesIn medieval literature, the role of women often represents many familiar traits and characteristics which present societies still preserve. Beauty, attractiveness, and grace almost completely exemplify the attributes of powerful women i n both present and past narratives. European medieval prose often separates the characteristics of women into two distinct roles in society. Women can be portrayed as the greatest gift to mankind, revealing everything that is good, pure, and beautiful in a womansRead MoreThree Strengths930 Words   |  4 PagesThree Strengths Essay Everyone has personal strengths that they utilize on the daily basis. In life we encounter experiences that help us identify our strengths as individuals. In the past, I’ve had several job experiences that tested what I believe to be are my greatest strengths. I believe each of these strengths speak to my character and will provide me with boundless opportunities in the future. One of my greatest strengths is my ability to be well-organized at all times. Growing up, I alwaysRead MoreDiomedes: One of the Finest Greek Soldiers Essay747 Words   |  3 Pageshero. In this epic, a hero is not solely represented as the most valiant warrior but rather on other characteristics that can be admired. Diomedes possesses these characteristics that represent a hero on and off of the battlefield. Thus, he is one of the greatest heroes of the entire epic. To the Greeks, besides being a skilled warrior, a hero contains several other admirable characteristics. For example, they must respect all aspects of authority. The Greeks give heroes no room for arrogance

Effective Communication Process Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Effective Communication Process. Answer: Introduction Every company, in order to become successful in the long run, requires a background of effective communication process. Commonly, by the word communication, people understand that it is a process of interaction with others on a daily basis for the purpose of exchanging information. But, at the Organizational level, communication is divided into internal and external communication. Internal communication deals with the communication among the internal stakeholders and themanagement of an organization, whereas external communication is the communication process that focuses on the audiences outside the organization (Tankosic Ivetic and Mikelic 2017). Both the internal and external communication together, is identified as corporate communication. In the recent times, the increasing use and development of various forms of social media has influenced the internal and external communication of business organizations in a positive way, which will be discussed in the following paragraphs. Main Body It is the goal of every business organization to expand its business at a global level, and as businesses are becoming competitive and global increasingly, the social media is having a significant role play in removing communication problems at a global level and bridging distances for enabling relationship developments, which is a key element for all businesses (Wang Pauleen and Zhang 2016). Social media is basically a platform, consisting of web-based internet networks, where users are able to communicate with others and share information in a collective manner. Social media can also said to be the platform that enables social interactions with the use of technology that includes any combination of pictures, words, video or audio (Winograd and Verance 2017). With regards to the fact that social media is a platform, it is to be mentioned that social media has created various platforms like Twitter and Facebook, which has completely changed the manner of communication by family, frie nds and co-workers on a daily basis, through their participation in creating and sharing different types of messages, which has made communication more fast, easy and effective. Both, small and large companies have identified the importance of social media in their organization as it is something, which the customers as well as the employees are expecting more and more (McCann and Barlow 2015). It is so, because the use of social media sites like Facebook, twitter and LinkedIn are used at a large scale by people of almost all ages and also by the number of people, who are technically oriented, entering the workforce, grown up with the use of social media (Jussila Krkkinen and Aramo-Immonen 2014). Social media has made the internal and external communication of organizations smoother, smarter and faster. Due to the influence of social media, there is an emergence of a new environment of business in which, most of the employees have the desire and ability to use social media for interacting with managers, colleagues and customers for accomplishing work in a different way than using the traditional methods (Dwyer 2013). With regards to internal communication, the influence of social media has led to transformation and shift in strategies as social media has made a positive impact on various internal processes like recruitment and selection, incentives and rewards, communications, work role definition, leadership, training and development (Men 2014). With regards to the external communication, the social media has also created a positive impact. Websites like Yelp and Angies list allows and helps consumers in evaluating vendors. Moreover, Twitter is used for responding to concerns of consumers and Facebook enables the consumers to become fans. It is due to such reasons that social media is becoming a common part of all organizations and companies are accommodating these new realities (Montalvo 2016). The positive influence of social media on internal and external media has led to certain positive outcomes in the form of new public relations and marketing channels, customer acquisition, new approaches for communications and branding service and loyalty, collaborative innovations for developing products, recruitment of skilled candidates, who are difficult to find and increased engagement of employees (Mahajan 2015). Moreover, it has been observed that the active use of social media in organizations has made the employees more engaged with their companies. Social media is of great value to the organizations as they get people interacting and talking across borders, boundaries and soils (Dwyer 2013). It can be said that social media has a positive influence on the internal and external communication of organizations because it provides with certain benefits like greater transparency, responsibility, trust, innovation, and improved customer services (Tiago and Verssimo 2014). The use of social media by organizations leads to a positive impact on the experience of the consumer because of its dynamic capability, which helps in making adjustments in accordance with the changing needs over time (Schivinski and Dabrowski 2016). Also, the use of social media, unlike the traditional marketing techniques, involves exchange of information between consumers and the user generated content, which leads to greater advocacy and satisfaction and helps in building a strong customer engagement for the organizations, which uses social media as a marketing strategy (Ashley and Tuten 2015). Moreover, social media has changed the daily communication, which occurs externally and internally, by facilita ting a dynamic and interactive process to occur between organizations and individuals, which represent the voices of both the organization and the user. Although the social media has made a positive influence on the external and internal communications in business, it is to be mentioned that social media can also pose a potential risk if the organizations are not careful. Social media can be misused for various purposes, leading to internal and external negative consequences (Bove Thill and Raina 2016). Therefore, business organizations must maintain regulations on the use of social media, as much as possible, for the purpose of internal and external communications. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded by stating that in todays world, social media has become the most popular platform for sharing information and for communication, as social media has made communication much easier, faster, simpler and smoother. This is why it has been adapted by the business organizations to improve their internal and external communication, which is a key element of all organizations. The use of social media by organizations have led to better customer satisfaction, adaptability to their changing needs, better business strategies and has made global expansion of businesses easier and faster. Thus, it can be said that social media has a positive influence on the internal and external communication of business. Reflection From the above essay, firstly, I have learned that organizational communication is very much essential for the success of a business organization. Internal communication is the communication between the internal stakeholders and management, whereas, external communication is the communication between the organization and the outside audiences and customers of the business. I have learnt that social media is a platform of communication and sharing information, which is used by the people on a daily basis for sharing information in a collective manner. It is due to this that the business organizations use social media for the purpose internal and external communication and, the use of social media have made a positive influence on the internal and external business communication as it results in faster, simpler and easier communication, both internally and externally, expanding the business globally and in dealing with the changing needs of the customers. Moreover, from the essay, I found that the use of social media in internal and external communication has also made it possible for the organizations to communicate and deal with the consumer issues in a much more effective and efficient manner. I have also gained knowledge about the fact that companies, which have adapted social media for the purpose of external and internal communications as their marketing strategy, find their employees being more engaged with their organizations. Furthermore, I have also learnt that social media has resulted in positive outcomes by way of new public relations and marketing channels, customer acquisition, new approaches for communications, branding service and loyalty, collaborative innovations for developing products, recruitment of skilled candidates, who are difficult to find and increased engagement of employees. Although, from the whole essay, I have learnt about the positive influences of social media on internal and external business commun ication, I have also learnt that the use of social media can also pose certain potential risks as well, which can cause various problems in the internal and external communication of business. Therefore, in one hand, I find that business organizations must use social media for the purpose of internal and external communications as the main source of communication, instead of making minimal use of it because social media is the platform, as it is the most popular platform for sharing information and for communication. Organizations should make use of the various social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter to facilitate better communication, both internally and externally, in order to expand globally and run successfully. On the other hand, I think that although it is very much essential for the organizations to use social media for the purpose of internal and external communication, it is also important for the organizations to keep in mind the potential risks that social media can pose. Hence, the use of social media must be regulated as much as possible. For this purpose, I believe that the organizations must use effective security systems and take other safety measu res for protecting the internal and external communications and must not wrong use of social media. References: Ashley, C. and Tuten, T., 2015. Creative strategies in social media marketing: An exploratory study of branded social content and consumer engagement.Psychology Marketing,32(1), pp.15-27. Bove, C.L., Thill, J.V. and Raina, R.L., 2016.Business communication today. Pearson Education India. Dwyer, J 2013 Communication for Business and the Professions, Strategies and Skills, 5th ed., Pearson Education, Australia pp. 627-630. Jussila, J.J., Krkkinen, H. and Aramo-Immonen, H., 2014. Social media utilization in business-to-business relationships of technology industry firms.Computers in Human Behavior,30, pp.606-613. Mahajan, R., 2015. Use of social media as a new investigative tool in marketing research for small business.International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning,5(3), p.129. McCann, M. and Barlow, A., 2015. Use and measurement of social media for SMEs.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,22(2), pp.273-287. Men, L.R., 2014. Strategic internal communication: Transformational leadership, communication channels, and employee satisfaction.Management Communication Quarterly,28(2), pp.264-284. Montalvo, R.E., 2016. Social media management.International Journal of Management Information Systems (Online),20(2), p.45. Schivinski, B. and Dabrowski, D., 2016. The effect of social media communication on consumer perceptions of brands.Journal of Marketing Communications,22(2), pp.189-214. Tankosic, M., Ivetic, P. and Mikelic, K., 2017. Managing internal and external Communication in a Competitive Climate via EDI concept.International Journal of Communications,2, pp.2367-8887. Tiago, M.T.P.M.B. and Verssimo, J.M.C., 2014. Digital marketing and social media: Why bother?.Business Horizons,57(6), pp.703-708. Wang, W.Y., Pauleen, D.J. and Zhang, T., 2016. How social media applications affect B2B communication and improve business performance in SMEs.Industrial Marketing Management,54, pp.4-14.

Lynx Essays (1048 words) - Lynx, Bobcat, Predators, Trapping, Kitten

Lynx With a pounce and a hop the speedy lynx chases the bleached white hare through the bushes. Poof! The hare disappears into the shiny white powder. Then the sly lynx picks up the scent of the hare and pounces toward the small hairball. The sharp elongated claws don't dig in, and the hare's long slender legs launch himself out of the hole and out of danger. The swift cat swings his claws around to hit the fast hare, but he hits the snow right under his back legs. The hare runs right between two willow trees and into a narrow opening which has a bunch of fallen willow trees. The hare has escaped from the lynx this one time, but the lynx will find other food. The lynx is a pale brown to brownish grey with black streaks on its neck, forehead, and on the back. It has a short tail, long tuffed ears, long slender legs, wide feet for control in the snow, and long very soft fur. The lynx will grow to be 30 to 40 inches long, and 24 to 28 inches high from feet to shoulders. They usually weight 15 to 45 pounds. When you see the lynx, at first sight, it looks gaunt and lanky, but it is really fast and muscular. The back legs are longer than the fore legs for better pouncing ability. "From the front the lynx looks royal with its hair on its face coming out to two points" (Myers 136). The lynx is closely related to the bobcat, which populates the north American region. The bobcat does not have big fluffy paws, or is not as big as the lynx in relative size. They have two different food varieties. The lynx eats hares ,and also may prey on small deer, dall sheep, grouse, mice. Rarely they feed on fish. On the other hand bobcats feed on grouse , fish, and other small rodents. Lynx chase and still hunt their prey. They chase hares or they stay up on cliffs and branches, and waiting to pounce on the animal as it goes by. The lynx ranges from Alaska, all the way across Canada. The lynx are usually found in climax forests and dense undercovers. They are usually found where hares are abundant. If there are no hares in the vicinity, they travel out into the tundra to find food. "Lynx breed during March and April. The gestation period is 60 days long" ( Myers 135) . They will have from 1- 4 kittens each year. They usually have dens, where they keep their kittens, in hollow trees or under a pile of brush. The kittens stay with the female until well into the next winter. The kittens don't open their eyes until 10 days after birth. They also only nurse for 3 to 4 months. When the population of the hares are up the litters of 2 to 4 kittens have a lot better chance to survive in the wilderness with their parents. When food is not abundant the female lynx might not have a litter at all that year or not until the hares have come back. Lynx usually are silent, but the males make a screeching noise to find a mate during breeding season. The weird thing about the lynx is when it is in a trap. It doesn't make a sound. It sits there calmly accepting its death. The Lynx are sly creatures that prowl at night to find their food. That is usually the reason why people don't see the lynx out in the wilderness a lot. The lynx are sensitive to bright light, because their eyes are made to see at night. Adult males usually hunt alone, not in packs like wolves.The females usually hunt with their family if the kittens are old enough to go along. The kits hunt with their mother and learn skills from her until they leave in the fallowing winter. The huge feet of the lynx give it superb agility in the snow. The lynx has been known to chase down slow clumsy fox that has slim and slender feet that don't give them any leverage on top of the snow. Trapping lynx is not particularly easy. Trappers use both snares and traps on the lynx. An abundant number of hares means there will be a lot of lynx that year. In the years when lynx are abundant, a good trapper may take a dozen in a month. The fine fur of

Country factor analysis-Argentina

Country factor analysis-Argentina Executive SummaryInternational business is of vital part for pharmaceutical company to expand business to catch more market of the world. Report reflects country's different factors related to business for pharmaceutical industry. Argentina was one of the wealthiest countries during 18th and 19th century, but due to political instability leads it to financial crisis. Legal system was not transperant.Economic developments were ceased. But after economic reforms and new constitution came in exist, again it shows the positive sign. Since last few years it is struggling for improvements in all sectors.GDP is improving slowly and steadily. Inflation is now comparatively under control. New constitution made legal system more transparent and laws regarding international investments are changing. Educated society and above average income of the people, encourages them to spend money on their health requirements. Overall climate is now showing positive sign for foreign investor.IntroductionIn ternational business is more related with the host country's economical factors, political situation, legal system, social and cultural system, religious environment and education factor.Countries in Latin America by date of independenceMaking profit is the main aim for the business firm. To make profit, Company has to first research costs and risk and benefit related to these factors .These factors must have to be carefully studied and understood. PRATEETI Pharmaceuticals pty. ltd looking for new market in Argentina for antibacterial medicines. Pharmaceutical industry is highly profit making industry among all. But without carefully understanding and studying different factors affecting international business it is not possible to success and survives. After care full study of the economical, political, cultural, religious, educational, legal factors with costs, risks and benefits of Argentina I have made a report for company for its future strategy and planning.Company ProfileName : PRATEETI Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd.Firm Type: Private CompanyProduct: Drugs and medicinesProduct type: Antibiotic Medicines...

5 Simple Ways to Improve a Boring Lesson

5 Simple Ways to Improve a Boring Lesson The key to teaching any student is to get them to be actively engaged in the lesson. Textbooks and worksheets have been a staple in classrooms for decades, but they can be extremely boring. Not only are they boring to the students, but they are boring for the teachers as well. Technology has made teaching and learning more engaging, but sometimes that may not be enough either. Although its quite possible to have a paperless classroom that is filled with appealing technology, its not always possible to keep students actively engaged. Here are 5 teacher-tested tricks to help you improve a boring lesson and keep your students engaged. Give Student Choice When students are given a choice they feel like they have some kind of control over what they are learning. Try asking students what they want to read, or give them an option on how they want to go about learning a topic or completing a project. For example, lets say that students have to read a book for a lesson but its a boring book. Give them the option of watching the movie, or acting out the book as well. If you are conducting a lesson and you want students to complete a project about it, then give them a few options, it will make it more interesting if they decide how they will complete the task, versus having you tell them what to do. Add Music The benefits of music are amazing; increased test scores, higher IQ, improved language development, and thats just to name a few. If you find that your lesson is boring, add music to it. You can basically add music to anything if you really think about it. Lets say that you are in the middle of a multiplication lesson and you find that students are getting extremely restless, add some music. Have students clap, snap, or stomp as they are saying the times tables. Every time they count, 5, 10, 15, 20... they will add a sound. Music can help you get out of any boring lesson, and get students back on track. Use Food Who doesnt like food? Food is the perfect option to make your boring lesson, a little less boring. Heres how. We will take the same example from above. You are working on a multiplication lesson and students are doing their times tables. Instead of adding rhythm and music, you can add food. For example, lets say students are trying to figure out what 4 x 4 is. Give each student enough gummy bears, grapes, fish crackers, or whatever other food you want to use and have them use the food to figure out the answer. If they get the answer right, they get to eat the food. Everyones got to eat, so why not make this lesson during snack time? Use Reals There is no better way to keep students engaged then to relate the lesson to something that they already know. If you are teaching fifth graders a social studies lesson, then try having students create a song by changing the lyrics of a popular artist to correlate with what they are learning. Use technology, popular celebrities, video games, musicians, or whatever else that is currently relevant to children to keep them interested. If you are teaching students about Rosa Parks, then find a real-world example to compare her journey to. Use Objects By objects, we mean anything from a tiny manipulative like a coin, to a magazine or an everyday item like a paper towel roll or piece of fruit. Here are a few examples of how you can use objects to increase student engagement and make your lessons less boring.

Vedanta and Yoga Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vedanta and Yoga - Essay Example Rather than a firm communal set of beliefs, the religion stays as a composite of diverse philosophical and intellectual viewpoints with no single founding pioneer. The smriti and sruti of Hindu texts encompass philosophy, temple building, theology and rituals amid other subjects of the Hindu religion. Agamas, Upanishads and Vedas constitute some of the leading scriptures of Hinduism. Hinduism stands in the third position after Christianity and Islam worldwide (Rinehart 2004, pp. 155-177). This paper seeks to outline ways in which the Vedanta and Yoga introduced a revolutionary new aspect to Hindu religion. Vedanta encompasses the theoretical foundation of classical Hinduism formed from Upanishads whereas Yoga entails the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali approaches in generic Hinduism. Attacks became launched by the Upanishads of age to increase the concentration on rituals. In this regard, the different monistic theories of the Upanishads became incorporated into a theistic context by the Bh agavad Gita, a sacred Hindu scripture. In the early centuries, several Hindu based philosophical schools became formally organized together with Vedanta and Yoga. Moreover, the development of Indian philosophies came along with the booming of both Buddhist and Hindu philosophies from the fifth to the ninth century. Vedanta emerged as the most solitary prevailing and influential philosophical school of thought. As a result, Sanskritic culture declined following the Gupta period. In addition, a religious convention became established among the pre-educated ethnic societies going through acculturation under the influence of the first medieval Purunas. Similarly, Dharmashastras and Brahmamic codes of Hinduism beliefs also experienced drastic transformations under the Purana authors. This resulted into the emergence of conventional Hinduism that in turn dominated over all formerly known traditions (Rinehart 2004, 179-202). Pujas based Hindu gods eventually replaced the Buddha royal spher es in the eighth century. In the same period, the Buddha royal spheres also became transformed into a Vishnu avatar. Additionally, the academic discipline of studying Indian culture on a European viewpoint came to be introduced in the nineteenth century. Certain societies endeavored to incorporate and bring together Dharmic and Abrahamic philosophies in establishing societal reforms. The same period also marked the emergence of very innovative movements founded on the teachings and personalities of individuals which remained deep-rooted in the aboriginal tradition of the religion. Moreover, prominent philosophers of Hinduism reframed, transformed and provided the religion’s introductory manuscripts for present-day audiences in new restatements in order to raise Vedanta and Yoga profiles in the West as well as attracting attention and followers (Sivananda 1999, n.p.). Vedanta indicates atman to be inarticulate from Brahman’s in the end, and that the objective of life wo uld be to recognize that an individual’s atman stays indistinguishable from that of Brahman. According to the Upanishads, an individual completely conscious of atman as the personal significance of one’s own self comprehends a personality with Brahman and in so doing reaches moksha. Hence, moksha relies on God’s grace and love towards Him whereas atman relies on God. Traditional Vedanta considered pratyaksa and anumana to be valid but inferior while shabda pramana to be the most dependable wealth of knowledge. Also, Vedantic philosophies became systemized into a single coherent discourse.

Wind Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Wind Power - Essay Example World is facing major energy crisis due to the pollution attached to the presently available energy sources and technology. The commitment to develop clean energy sources is forcing economies to develop sustainable and clean power generation. Wind energy is a major source of clean power. It is important to mainstream this source of power as a clean alternative to support the power requirements. Use of wind as a reliable source of energy for various purposes like navigation, pumping water, grinding grains, sawing etc. is evident from the historical times. Wind is one of the cleanest sources of energy available in the world. The science of power generation from wind is rather simple. Earth is made of different materials, distributed unevenly all over the space and hence it absorbs heat from the sun with variance. During day, air over the land surface gets heated quickly than the air above water surface. Heating causes expansion of air and hence it becomes lighter and moves upwards and the heaver air replaces it causing wind. The process is reversed during night time, as air over the land surface gets cool quickly than the air above water surface. In simple words, wind is generated by movement of air between high pressure to low pressure area. In terms of energy flow, heat energy is converted into kinetic energy. Production of power from wind energy is quite interesti... Production of power from wind energy is quite interesting and it follows basic principles of energy conversion. Power is generated when the kinetic energy of the wind is converted to mechanical energy. This power could be used for generating electricity or power for running machines etc. Hence, wind power could be used for many purposes. The present day wind machines uses blades to collect the kinetic energy from the wind. When wind strikes the blades of the machines, it slow down the wind by capturing its energy and thus allows the blades to rotate. These blades are connected to a shaft at the centre which transfers its power to the electric generator to produce electricity. The interesting part is that in the entire process, there is no pollution involves with the process. Wind power is a potential form of renewable energy which is available to humankind. Although it has a long history, this source of energy is not mainstreamed due to lack of improved technology and huge production cost. Although developed much earlier, cheaper technologies were developed for power generation from alternate sources which alienated the use of wind power for commercial purposes. The cost factor had impacted this majorly. The major constrain of the wind power is the reliability factor as the power is generated only when there is wind. During lean period, one has to depend on other sources for power supply. This drawback makes it difficult for people to adopt this technology for daily use. The only alternative for this problem is to use other sources of power for the lean period. In the present scenario, energy is produced in the world from coal, crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas, nuclear, hydro, combustible renewables & waste etc. Most of these sources are

Web 2.0 Applications Essay Example for Free

Web 2.0 Applications Essay O’Reilly (2006) in his Commencement Speech at UC Berkley , explained that the genuine Web 2. 0 application is the one where there is a proportionality between the number of users and the development of the application. Because of this, it is argued that the core value of Web 2. 0 is being able to effectively harness the innovativeness of everyone in the group. This kind of development is a step forward as compared to the previous state of the internet where the Web as a platform remained a baffling mess of buzzwords with no real clarity. Spolsky(2005) agreed with this stating that Web 2.0 is â€Å"a big, vague, nebulous cloud of pure architectural nothingness† and that â€Å"when people use the term Web 2. 0, I always feel a little bit stupider for the rest of the day. † Although this is obviously true, in this specific sense, the concept of the Web 2. 0 application is nothing new at all to the World Wide Web. The term Web 2. 0 is used when a read-write aspect of the Web is used in a participatory way that actually creates greater shared knowledge for all. It was the widespread adoption of blogs, wikis, MySpace and other read-write techniques that ushered in a common I-write-and-everyone-reads-it usage pattern (Hinchcliffe 2006). The concept of Weblog or Blogging has been defined by Drezner and Farrell (2004) as â€Å"A web page with minimal to no external editing, providing on-line commentary, periodically updated and presented in reverse chronological order, with hyperlinks to other online sources. † Yet even though this definition exists, other researchers such as Nardi et al (2004) express that weblogs currently accessible in the internet have a great diversity that is there is not a single dominant style of activity in the net. Others (Dyrud , Worley Quible, 2005) agree with this but on the hand, they expressed that there is something common to all blogs and that is they are primarily a venue in order to share information (regardless of the amount and manner) between people, groups, and organizations. According to Blood (2000) there are essentially two types of weblog: those that emphasize the diary and comment aspect, and those that emphasize hyperlinks. The former may seek to influence wider public opinion, or merely to raise the profile of the blogger; the latter act as a filter system, looking at what exists on the Web and recommending content that might be of interest to visitors. If bloggers make mistakes in the information they publish, they rely on their peers to point out any errors (Johnson and Kaye 2004) – this sentence is very ‘stand alone’ you may wish to introduce the idea of authority of authority of Web 2. 0 technologies (which will presumably covered again in Wikis etc) . Thus, Blogs have unique features that traditional web media does not have. About 2. 7 million bloggers update their blogs at least weekly. According to Technorati, new blog creation continues to grow Figure X shows the number of new blogs created each day, from January 2004 to January 2006: As was mentioned above, there are various types of blogs and each variation provides the information to the user as different as possible. Factors to be considered are the type of the media to be used in order to transfer the information, the device that is used, the genre, the legal status of the publishers, blog search engines, and blogging communities and directories. One varying consideration to blogs is the kind of media that is used in order to share the message from the person/organization that would want to give the message to the recipient of the message. Take for example; a video blog is called a vlog, a blog that is comprised of links to other sites or networks is called a linklog. Another kind of blog that contains a series of sets of sketches is called a sketchblog and another type similar to a sketchblog is called a photoblog – one that comprises of photos being shared, uploaded and downloaded.

The Right Reaction to Affirmative Action Essay -- Inequality Equality

The Right Reaction to Affirmative Action As much as we would like to forget it, racial and gender disparity has been a part of our history since America was young. Racial disparity is still very evident in American society today as illustrated by continued racial discrimination and remaining signs of societal segregation. One of the key issues that arise when regarding affirmative action is whether or not affirmative action fairly promotes equality and atones for past prejudices. Another concern is whether the current affirmative action policy is the right policy to use. Through the discussion of empirical claims, moral claims, public opinion, international statistics, and the history involved in affirmative action, we have decided that the best position for our candidate is pro-affirmative action with some restrictions. The debate on affirmative action exists because the concerns it deals with impact a vast amount of people, and the effectiveness of affirmative action is constantly questioned. It is a very divisive issue because affirmative action affects different groups of people in different ways, and some benefit more from affirmative action than others. In addition, it causes people to be classified into groups, and at the same time, strives to break down group barriers. It is an issue that is difficult to resolve because people have varied ideas about how the problems of racial inequality and historical discrimination should be addressed. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to make sure that hiring practices were made without racial discrimination. Following this order in 1965 Lyndon B. Johnson stated: the executive order requires government contract... ...y 2003. http://www.aacte.org/Membership_Governance/affirmativeactionstmt.pdf {secondary scholarly; print via internet} (not used for evidence) Unemployment rates. 2004. Public Agenda. <http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/factfiles_detail.cfm?issue_type=race&list =9>. {secondary scholarly; print via internet; reputable} Wilson, Pete. "Proposition 209 and the affirmative action debate on the University of California campuses." Feminist Studies 25 (n.d.)1999 <http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=37&did=000000042121378&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1082526756&clientId=9269>. {primary scholarly; print via internet; authoritative} Williams, Walter. Affirmative Action Can't Be Mended. 15 Dec. 1997. CATO Institute. <http://www.cato.org/dailys/12-15-97.html>. {popular news; internet publication; apparently credible} The Right Reaction to Affirmative Action Essay -- Inequality Equality The Right Reaction to Affirmative Action As much as we would like to forget it, racial and gender disparity has been a part of our history since America was young. Racial disparity is still very evident in American society today as illustrated by continued racial discrimination and remaining signs of societal segregation. One of the key issues that arise when regarding affirmative action is whether or not affirmative action fairly promotes equality and atones for past prejudices. Another concern is whether the current affirmative action policy is the right policy to use. Through the discussion of empirical claims, moral claims, public opinion, international statistics, and the history involved in affirmative action, we have decided that the best position for our candidate is pro-affirmative action with some restrictions. The debate on affirmative action exists because the concerns it deals with impact a vast amount of people, and the effectiveness of affirmative action is constantly questioned. It is a very divisive issue because affirmative action affects different groups of people in different ways, and some benefit more from affirmative action than others. In addition, it causes people to be classified into groups, and at the same time, strives to break down group barriers. It is an issue that is difficult to resolve because people have varied ideas about how the problems of racial inequality and historical discrimination should be addressed. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to make sure that hiring practices were made without racial discrimination. Following this order in 1965 Lyndon B. Johnson stated: the executive order requires government contract... ...y 2003. http://www.aacte.org/Membership_Governance/affirmativeactionstmt.pdf {secondary scholarly; print via internet} (not used for evidence) Unemployment rates. 2004. Public Agenda. <http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/factfiles_detail.cfm?issue_type=race&list =9>. {secondary scholarly; print via internet; reputable} Wilson, Pete. "Proposition 209 and the affirmative action debate on the University of California campuses." Feminist Studies 25 (n.d.)1999 <http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=37&did=000000042121378&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1082526756&clientId=9269>. {primary scholarly; print via internet; authoritative} Williams, Walter. Affirmative Action Can't Be Mended. 15 Dec. 1997. CATO Institute. <http://www.cato.org/dailys/12-15-97.html>. {popular news; internet publication; apparently credible}

Its more fun in the Philippines

Last January 2012 the Department of Tourism launched the new slogan â€Å"It’s more fun in the Philippines† to raise the awareness of the locals and the tourist who are still unaware of the beauty of the Philippines. The said slogan created a question in our mind. What will be difference of using this new slogan over the old one â€Å" Pilipinas kay Ganda† , will it be more effective to attract tourist and help to promote the hidden beauty of the Philippines that still awaits to be discovered. And with that we come up with the idea to make a study about the questions that we want to be answered.The main goal of the administration is to attract 6.  8 million foreign tourists a year by 2014, 8 million by 2015, and 10 million by 2016, by using the slogan will the government can achieve their goal? Background of the study â€Å"It’s more fun in the Philippines† campaign was made by David Guerrero the chairman and chief creative officer of BBDO Guerrer o, which is the country’s most awarded and popular advertising firm. This slogan is simple yet very meaningful and applicable to the Filipino character. Making the Slogan, the team Guerrero thinks of a theme which can be a big hit to boost the Philippine Tourism Industry, a campaign slogan which can really be a big help to our economy.The campaign objective is to get the Filipinos into the global perception, to start an image that other countries will turn to. This campaign can also be a big help in letting other countries know what the Philippines can offer. The things that no other countries can offer. Objectives: To determine if the slogan has been successfully launched internationally. To determine if the slogan help to raise the awareness of the people about the Philippines. Research Problem: The researchers seek answers to the following questions: 1. Is the slogan will be effective to promote the Philippines?2. Does the  government can market the said slogan globally? 3. Will the slogan be able to help to raise the awareness of the people? Variables: Independent: It’s more fun in the Philippines Dependent: Effect of the slogan in the Philippines’s tourism industry Significance of the Study: The proposal will be able to determine if the slogan has been successfully marketed globally. The proposal will show if the slogan â€Å"It’s more fun in the Philippines† help to attract tourist to visit Philippines. This proposal will determine if the Department of Tourism has chosen a good slogan for the tourism industry.

About the United States Constitution Essay

Essay 1 The Constitution of the United States created the form of government known as federalism. The national and state governments each have specific powers and functions, while also sharing some of the same powers. The Constitution made the agreement that any laws passed under the constitution would be the supreme law of the land. Three separate branches were created; the legislative, executive, and judicial. **********The new Constitution resolved the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation to the extent that it created a new system of government that was equipped with the necessary powers needed to implement changes through compromises, the passing of laws, and the levying of taxes. During the Constitutional Convention of 1787, delegates met in Philadelphia to discuss the difficult problems the new nation faced. The Framers decided that in order to facilitate change within the nation, the Articles of Confederation needed to be replaced with a new plan for government that would give the federal government more power to implement the changes necessary for the progression of the nation. The next step was to devise a plan for the government that would be accepted by the people of the nation. A series of compromises, known as the Three-Fifths Compromise, and the Great Compromise, were created. The Virginia Plan, created by James Madison, included an executive branch, courts, and a bicameral legislature where representation in each house of Congress would be based on each state’s population. This plan enticed delegates from heavily populated states such as, New York; however, the small states feared a government subjugated by the large states would give them no say. The New Jersey Plan, devised by delegates from the smaller states, included a unicameral legislature in which states would have equal representation. Within this plan, Congress had the power to set taxes and regulate trade, which were powers it did not have under the Articles of Confederation. The New Jersey Plan was not accepted because ******larger states thought they should have more power. After six rigorous weeks, *the delegates came to a compromise later known as the Great Compromise. The compromise proposed that Congress have two houses, a Senate and a House of Representatives, in which the Senate granted equal representation and the House granted representation based on population. In the Articles of Confederation, there was only *one vote per state. To pass laws, nine out of the thirteen colonies had to be in  favor of it and to make amendments; all thirteen colonies had to be in favor of the idea. The Great Compromise included that two thirds of the Senate and the House had to agree on a law or an amendment for it to be passed which was much easier. The compromise pleased both groups, but they were not completely satisfied. The Great Compromise directly dealt with the weaknesses within the Articles of Confederation and for this reason it gained popularity. The Three-Fifths Compromise came about after the Great Compromise which answered some of the remaining questions such as, who could vote. The compromise stated that every five enslaved persons counted for three free persons therefore, three-fifths of the slave population in each state would be used in determining representation in Congress. Americans were not all in favor of the Constitution at first, they were known as Anti-Federalists. They thought that the document would take away their liberties that Americans had fought hard to win from Great Britain. Their main argument was the new Constitution would create a strong, federal government and ignore the states and it lacked a bill of rights to protect individual freedoms. Those who were supporters of the document called themselves Federalists. They believed the Constitution would create a system of federalism, a form of government in which power is divided between the federal government and the states. The Federalist Papers, written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, was what won the Anti-Federalist’s support of the document. In a series of essays, they argued that the United States wouldn’t survive without a strong federal government and reassured the document would protect their nation. Both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists came to the conclusion that if the Constitution was adopted, the new government would add a bill of rights. The Constitution was completely ratified in 1790 which made the thirteen independent states a united nation, The United States of America. The new Constitution created a framework for the government, which was the something the Articles of Confederation lacked. Three branches within the legislative were created to make sure the federal government would stay stable. Each branch had specific powers while also having the ability to check the powers of the other two branches. The legislative branch, also known as Congre ss, made the laws. The executive branch enforced the laws and is headed by a president and vice president. The judicial system was created in which the  supreme court of the U.S would have the final say as to the constitutionality of laws. In order to avoid one of the branches from gaining too much power, the Framers included a system of checks and balances. This system allowed each branch of government to limit the power of the others. Therefore, the new Constitution resolved the weaknesses of the articles of confederation to the extent that it created a new system of government that was equipped with the necessary powers needed to implement changes through compromises, the passing of laws, and the levying of taxes. The government was able to tax and secure individual freedoms. The thirteen independent states became one nation, The United States of America. Although, not all of the problems of the Articles of Confederation were resolved, the new Constitution created a foundation for our government today.

Free Essays on Sarah Clayton

I visited the Fitchburg Art Museum on October 22, 2004, this was the second time that I’ve visited this museum and I actually decided to write about the piece that I discovered upon my last visit to the museum. I don’t have a very broad knowledge of art. I do appreciate it when I see it but I never pursued it anymore than I did probably due to the fact of my own artistic inability. Last year when I visited the museum I was very impressed with the entire museum, especially the exhibit on American and European portraits. The pictures were very detailed. My favorite of the paintings was by Joseph Wright of Derby, it was called Sarah Clayton. This painting was done through oils on canvas and was painted sometime between 1768 and 1771. The portrait was of a women at her desk and was writing lines with ink on her finger. It wasn’t very clear as to what she was writing but this picture definitely caught my attention and that is why I chose to analyze it. Joseph Wright of Derby was the English painter who painted â€Å"Sarah Clayton. Wright was born in 1734 and died in 1797. He lived in Derby and depicted realism. Wright was inspired by the Dutch followers of Carvaggio. The name â€Å"Wright of Derby† was given to him to help differentiate him from Liverpool artist, Richard Wright. In 1771 during the time â€Å"Sarah Clayton† was illustrated there were many events going on in the world. This was actually the year that scientists made the discovery of oxygen. Spain ceded the Falkland Islands to England. The massacre at Bloody Falls also took place. As I was looking at this painting I couldn’t help but notice all of the different visual components. It was done with colors such as purple, white, black and green. It also looks as though it was three dimensional. The line is vertical. The picture is very realistic. Color is used in cool hues. Shading is used as with blending. It has a linear perspective. On the woman... Free Essays on Sarah Clayton Free Essays on Sarah Clayton I visited the Fitchburg Art Museum on October 22, 2004, this was the second time that I’ve visited this museum and I actually decided to write about the piece that I discovered upon my last visit to the museum. I don’t have a very broad knowledge of art. I do appreciate it when I see it but I never pursued it anymore than I did probably due to the fact of my own artistic inability. Last year when I visited the museum I was very impressed with the entire museum, especially the exhibit on American and European portraits. The pictures were very detailed. My favorite of the paintings was by Joseph Wright of Derby, it was called Sarah Clayton. This painting was done through oils on canvas and was painted sometime between 1768 and 1771. The portrait was of a women at her desk and was writing lines with ink on her finger. It wasn’t very clear as to what she was writing but this picture definitely caught my attention and that is why I chose to analyze it. Joseph Wright of Derby was the English painter who painted â€Å"Sarah Clayton. Wright was born in 1734 and died in 1797. He lived in Derby and depicted realism. Wright was inspired by the Dutch followers of Carvaggio. The name â€Å"Wright of Derby† was given to him to help differentiate him from Liverpool artist, Richard Wright. In 1771 during the time â€Å"Sarah Clayton† was illustrated there were many events going on in the world. This was actually the year that scientists made the discovery of oxygen. Spain ceded the Falkland Islands to England. The massacre at Bloody Falls also took place. As I was looking at this painting I couldn’t help but notice all of the different visual components. It was done with colors such as purple, white, black and green. It also looks as though it was three dimensional. The line is vertical. The picture is very realistic. Color is used in cool hues. Shading is used as with blending. It has a linear perspective. On the woman...

What Is the Platt Amendment Definition and Significance

What Is the Platt Amendment Definition and Significance SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In 1898, the US was fighting the Spanish-American War and occupying Cuba as part of its involvement in maintaining the island’s newfound independence. Once the war was over, the US still wanted to maintain influence in Cuba. In order to achieve this, the Platt Amendment was passed. Read this guide to learn what the Platt Amendment includes, why it was created, what important dates are associated with it, and how its impacts live on today, including how it led to the creation of Guantanamo Bay. What Is the Platt Amendment? In simplest terms, the Platt Amendment was a treaty between the United States and Cuba that established guidelines for US-Cuban relations. The US wanted to maintain influence in Cuba to protect its interests there, but Cubans were wary of being under the control of another foreign power after recently gaining independence from Spain. The Platt Amendment was an attempt to appease both countries. The Platt Amendment set conditions under which the US would end its military occupation of Cuba but also granted the US the right to involve itself in Cuban affairs in order to protect Cuban independence. The Platt Amendment was drafted by Elihu Root, who was Secretary of State at the time, and in 1901 it was presented to the Senate by Senator Orville Platt of Connecticut as a rider attached to the Army Appropriations Bill. (Riders are sometimes also referred to as amendments, which is why it is called the Platt Amendment.) The Platt Amendment placed some pretty stringent restrictions on Cuba. It gave the United States pretty much unlimited ability to intervene in any Cuban affair for the purpose of preserving Cuban independence, prevented Cuba from transferring any of its land to any country other than the United States, limited Cuba’s right to negotiate treaties, gave the US rights to a naval base in Cuba (what is now Guantanamo Bay). It was reluctantly accepted by Cuba, who amended their Constitution to include it. There were seven articles in the Platt Amendment, and the Cuban government had to agree to all of them before the US withdrew its troops from the island and recognized Cuban sovereignty. Here are the articles of the Platt Amendment: Article I. The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any foreign power or powers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any manner authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by colonization or for military or naval purposes, or otherwise, lodgment in or control over any portion of said island. Article II. The Government of Cuba shall not assume or contract any public debt to pay the interest upon which, and to make reasonable sinking-fund provision for the ultimate discharge of which, the ordinary revenues of the Island of Cuba, after defraying the current expenses of the Government, shall be inadequate. Article III. The Government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by the Government of Cuba. . . . Article V. The Government of Cuba will execute, and, as far as necessary, extend the plans already devised, or other plans to be mutually agreed upon, for the sanitation of the cities of the island, to the end that a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases may be prevented, thereby assuring protection to the people and commerce of Cuba, as well as to the commerce of the Southern ports of the United States and the people residing therein.... Article VII. To enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own defense, the Government of Cuba will sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations, at certain specified points, to be agreed upon with the president of the United States. What Led to the Creation of the Platt Amendment? The Platt Amendment came about as a result of the Spanish-American War, which occurred in 1898. During the roughly four months that the war lasted, the United States had a large military presence in Cuba, which it was ready to use to protect the US against Spanish attacks and protect US economic interests in Cuba. The day before the US entered the Spanish-American War, the Teller Amendment was passed by Congress. President William McKinley gave a speech asking Congress to allow the US to use its naval and military forces to help Cuba achieve independence, and Congress agreed but also passed the Teller Amendment, which placed limits on the US’s involvement. The Teller Amendment stated that the US couldn’t annex Cuba. Instead, the US had to help Cuba achieve stable independence, then withdraw its troops from the island once that had been achieved. This assuaged Congressional fears that President McKinley was hoping to annex Cuba. However, three years after the Spanish-American War was over and Cuba was independent, the US still had troops in Cuba. The US didn’t want to put its military and economic interests at risk by having Cuba descend into chaos during self-rule or be conquered by another foreign country. They decided to maintain a strong role in Cuban affairs until they believed their interests would be safe. Because of the Teller Amendment (which basically said the US had to help Cuba achieve independence and then leave), the Platt Amendment was drafted as a way to ensure the US could maintain a degree of control over Cuba until they were certain the country was stable and their interests would be protected. Key Dates for the Platt Amendment Below are all the key dates you need to know for events that happened before, during, and after the Platt Amendment was signed. February 24th, 1895- February 15th, 1898: The Cuban War of Independence is fought between Cuba and Spain. The final months escalate into the Spanish-American war. February 15th, 1898: The American battleship USS Maine, which was docked in Havana, explodes under mysterious circumstances, killing 258 people. The US blames Spain for the explosion which leads to the Spanish-American War. April 20th, 1898: The Teller Amendment is passed. April 21st - August 13th, 1898: The Spanish-American War is fought between Spain and the United States December 10th, 1898: The Treaty of Paris is signed. Spain agrees to grant independence to Cuba, and cedes the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico the United States. March 2nd, 1901: The Platt Amendment is passed. December 25th, 1901: Cuba amends its constitution to include the entire Platt Amendment May 22nd, 1903: Cuba and the US agree to the Cuban-American Treaty of Relations of 1903. Among other things, this treaty allows the US to intervene in Cuban affairs and lease land for naval bases on the island. September 1906 - February 1909: Second Occupation of Cuba. The Cuban-American Treaty of Relations of 1903 is used to justify US military forces occupying Cuba in order to protect American economic interests and establish a new Cuban government. May 29th, 1934: As part of FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy, the Cuban-American Treaty of Relations of 1934 is signed, repealing most of the Platt Amendment (everything except US right to a naval base in Cuba). 1940: The Platt Amendment is eliminated from the new Cuban constitution during the Cuban Constitutional Convention of 1940. What Are the Lasting Effects of the Platt Amendment? The Cuban government was very reluctant to add the Platt Amendment to their constitution, as they had just become independent and didn’t want to be controlled by another foreign power. Even though it was eventually ratified, it caused a lot of resentment among Cubans towards America. Many historians also believe that the Platt Amendment actually ended up causing more instability in Cuba, including contributing to the Cuban Revolution of the 1950s. The Platt Amendment remained in effect until 1934, when US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy repealed the majority of the amendment in response to a surge in Cuban resentment. However, one stipulation of the Platt Amendment remained: the US was allowed to continue operating its naval base Guantanamo Bay. The Good Neighbor Policy stated that the US had the right to operate its naval base "until the two contracting parties agree to the modification or abrogation of the stipulations of the agreement in regard to the lease to the United States of America for coaling and naval stations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Because the US hasn’t agreed to any modifications, , Guantanamo Bay remains open to this day and has been a major factor in shaping modern Cuban-American relations. Summary: Platt Amendment APUSH The Platt Amendment was one of the most important events in Cuba-US relations. A simple Platt Amendment definition is that it an amendment passed in 1901 that provided guidelines that allowed the US to maintain influence in Cuba after Cuba achieved independence. What did the Platt Amendment do? It gave the US the right to have a naval base in Cuba, intervene in Cuban affairs, and control Cuba’s agreements with other countries, among other things. Although the Platt amendment was created to protect US interests in Cuba, it was widely resented in Cuba and was nearly completed repealed in 1934, although the US naval base Guantanamo Bay is still in operation in Cuba. What's Next? Writing a research paper for school but not sure what to write about?Our guide to research paper topics has over 100 topics in ten categories so you can be sure to find the perfect topic for you. Did you know that water has a very special density? Check out our guide to learn what the density of water is and how the density can change. Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius?We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa).

Small Business in Nigeria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Small Business in Nigeria - Essay Example A short history of Nigeria's business and political changes is given. Environmental scans show that because of government intervention at many levels of business, and the favoring of large business by government, small business suffers from a lack of resources and funding. Because of political upheavals and tensions between factions of Nigeria, there has been a lack on economic stability or long-term economic policy. This paper relies upon information found in previous surveys. There is a severe lack of information available from Nigerian government sources. The postal system in Nigeria is deficient, and a third factor of difficulty is the unwillingness on the part of many Nigerians to 'share' information with outsiders. Personal visits by the sources to many companies were used to correlate information. Findings have been combined to develop an overall picture. While there are serious cultural differences WITHIN Nigeria, as well as without, the impact on business in Nigeria is becoming less important. ... The largest cultural difference within the country is from the North, the Huasas territory which is Muslim and very traditional, eschewing the English language, but still dominating the government policies. Another cultural situation is the paternalistic management of companies that follow traditional ways, using the older males of the family to manage the business. The impact of bribery and corruption has been shown to be negative on business in countries all over the world. Evidence of this is given in this paper. Communitarian virtue ethics theory is briefly discussed to the ethical context of Nigerian business. Cultural challenges as well as government changes suggest the need for a "mediating institutions approach" (Mambula 2004). The Enterprise Promotions Act of 1972 helped use more indigenous people in the management of foreign operations. These business philosophies may help reorganize Nigerian economics. The role of women in the workplace in Nigeria is examined, as it has become a growing part of the business world. Previous cultural restrictions have caused women to get less schooling and technical training, and own fewer businesses. But recent economic needs have pushed women into business where they often run their own business as well as take care of dometic chores. The constraints of banking practices on small business is discussed briefly. The overall viewpoint leads to considerations American business might need in deciding whether to engage in business in Nigeria or not. Leadership styles are also highlighted to show which has been more effective. And ethical business theories are focused upon. Common variables of research articles for direction and future research A paragraph from Babarinde (1997) states that

Outsourcing Work Overseas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Outsourcing Work Overseas - Essay Example For instance, if an employee in the current home-based organization is given a salary rate of $10 per hour and outsourcing the job would mean that the same position is given an acceptable salary of only $5 per hour, then, a savings of $5 per person per hour would be generated. Likewise, this option also considers that the skills, competencies and qualifications of the workforce are significantly at par with those employees at home. Concurrently, the home organization acknowledges being more vigilant in terms of addressing security and control issues; which could be compromised or threatened due to outsourcing – given the external environment that puts the risk to the home organization. These issues could be justified by placing stringent control measures as well as regular monitoring and performance evaluation schemes. Finally, in terms of technological applications, as emphasized by Putra (2011), is in terms of risk-sharing, to wit: â€Å"the company could minimize risk while at the same time gain access to latest technologies and best practices in utilizing the new system to meet the business objectives† (par. 16). Sharing of knowledge, expertise and applications in required technological systems and processes are likewise facilitated through outsourcing. Strain, M. (2012). Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing Production. Retrieved from Hearst Communications, Inc.:

Cuban Missile Crisis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cuban Missile Crisis - Assignment Example In 1896, the decision of Plessy v. Feguson held that the Jim Crow rule did not violate the American Fourteenth Amendment. The Decision was ignorance that black facilities were inferior (Bennett 214). Due to the subservient position of African Americans, In 1955 Rosa Park defied the norm of the time. She refused to give up a seat in a bus in Alabama, Montgomery. The refusal instigated mass protest among blacks who boycotted the bus transport. The boycott led many blacks to follow Martin Luther King Jr as patron of the newly founded Montgomery Improvement Association. The support made King very popular amongst blacks where he himself adopted Gandhi approach of non-violent approach as a way of advocating for non-white rights (Bennett 216). The maturity of black’s movements was gradual, blacks were relentless in their course, due to this, major campaigns were widespread, this leading to Birmingham case where non-violent demonstrators were hurt by law enforcers. The result made white perceive that the black nationalism might occur and this led president Kennedy to introduce civil rights act of 1964 and London to introduce in 1965 the voting rights amongst blacks (Bennett 217). The October crisis or Cuban missile was a result of Suspicion and fear on spread of communism in America. According to Allison and Zellikov (110), it was a confrontation among Cuba, United States of America and the Soviet Union in 1962. The origin was a result of USA failure to overthrow Cuba regime. Due to this, the Cuban and its allies Soviet governments began to build different ballistic missiles which were perceived to have ability to hit and destroy US. Castro and his counterpart from Russia, Krushchev were ready to invade US if USA invaded Cuba, which the Soviet saw as their only option to spread communism in Latin America (Allison and Zellikov 112). After the confrontation had ended, Soviet Union dismantled the

Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence in Nature

Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence in Nature Bioluminescence is a scientific phenomenon that is complex in character because luminous organisms possess unique light-producing chemical reactions and have varied methods of controlling light. Luminous organisms do not fall under order of animals but are unevenly distributed across multiple animal orders. Furthermore, luminous organisms are often adapted to specialized environments and can be difficult to physically research. This paper will cover the background of bioluminescence, luminous reactions and their regulators, and the practical applications of knowledge in this field. The purpose of the research is to gain an adequate understanding of chemiluminescence in nature in order to predict the nature of future research and gauge its potential in the modern world. Research for this paper was accomplished through the reviewing of published scientific papers and literature on the subject. Some of the results reached include that bioluminescence is different in terrestrial and aqua tic organisms and that a wide range of techniques are used to moderate light in both habitats. The conclusions that have been reached are that research of bioluminescence will surely accelerate and that further research of bioluminescence has potential in the areas of evolutionary biology, lighting technology, and medicine. Introduction When Christopher Columbus embarked on his voyage in 1492, he had to overcome many strong prejudices rooted in European folklore. Tales of sea monsters have captured the minds of Europeans for centuries, and Columbus was utterly mesmerized when the waters surrounding his ship began to shine. The alluring glow of bioluminescent organisms has continued to perplex humans all the way through modern times. Although science has illuminated the surprisingly dark realm of bioluminescence, further research is still required. This paper will cover the background, reactions, and uses of this complex, yet common phenomenon to determine the nature of future research and its applicability in other areas of science. HISTORY During the seventeenth century, the English physicist Robert Boyle conducted an important experiment concerning bioluminescence. Robert Boyle encased a piece of glowing wood within a glass bell and then proceeded to suck the air out the enclosure. As he took out the air, he observed that the glowing of the wood grew fainter and eventually was extinguished completely (Simon 114). This was scientific experiment demonstrated a principle concept of bioluminescence: oxygen plays a key role in luminous reactions. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the French physiologist Dubois began to research luminous organisms in his marine laboratory. His major contribution was his experiment involving the Pholas clams. In his experiment, Dubois prepared two different solutions of clam juice. For the first solution, he mixed the clam juice with cool water and observed it glow for a while before it faded. He then mixed clam juice with hot water, but this solution failed to produce any light at all. In a stroke of genius, he decided to mix the two nonluminous solutions together. As soon as they were combined, the bluish light characteristic of the Pholas shone forth once again. This led Dubois to assume that in the cold solution, one substance was exhausted after luminescence and that in the hot solution, a different substance was destroyed. Thus, Dubois concluded that the unknown substance destroyed by the hot water was almost certainly an enzyme. An enzyme is an organic catalyst. Dubois identified that bioluminescence required an oxidizable substrate, an enzyme, and oxygen. He named the substrate luciferin and the enzyme luciferase (Simon 116). This major advancement was the stepping-stone into future research on this perplexing phenomenon. FUNCTION Although terrestrial habitats seem to be devoid of bacterial modes of light-production, there are a few cases of bacterial luminescence on land. Many supposed bioluminescent organisms such as mole crickets do not produce light themselves, but have turned out to be infected with parasitic forms of luminous bacteria. Luminous bacteria multiply within the hemolymph of arthropods (which is analogous to human blood cells). The infected creatures end up eventually end up dying (Nealson and Hasting 508). For example, the luminous bacteria X. luminescens live in the gut of a certain nematode belonging to the genus Heterorhabditis. Farmers greatly value nematodes because these un-segmented roundworms parasitize pest insects. The Heterorhabditis nematode enters the body of a host caterpillar through orifices like spiracles or the mouth. Once inside the caterpillars body, the nematode will proceed to penetrate the caterpillars hemocoel, the area containing hemolymph. When in contact with the he molymph, the nematode will then release its fertilized eggs along with the bacteria X. luminescens. The bacteria then multiply and produce extracellular chitinase and lipases that the nematode uses to complete the its life cycle. X. luminescens also produces antibiotics that arrests the growth of bacteria that would otherwise outcompete it and also prevents the caterpillar from putrefying (Havens 1). It is interesting to note that the bacteria only glow while in the hemolymph of the caterpillar, but not inside the nematodes themselves. This land bacterium uses a biochemical reaction very similar to its marine counterparts. The overall general reaction is the same: the flavin-mononucleotide and long-chain aldehyde (fatty aldehyde) are oxidized in the presence of luciferase to produce water and light. FMNH2 + RCHO + O2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ FMN + H2O + RCOOH + Light (Havens 1). FUNCTION The most important luminous bacteria are the commensal forms that thrive inside the gut tracts of marine animals. Its not unusual to find 5ÃÆ'-106 to 5ÃÆ'-107 colony-forming units of luminous bacteria per meter of intestinal surface (Nealson and Hastings 508). Colony-forming units are used in the area of microbiology to express quantities of viable bacteria capable of forming colonies or clusters visible to the human eye. This relationship between the bacteria and the host organisms seems to be commensal because luminous bacteria produce the enzyme chitinase, thereby benefiting their host if they eat marine crustaceans (a regular staple of marine diet). However, studies of the senorita fish Oxyjulis californica, the blacksmith fish Chrormis puntipinnis, and the half-naked hatchetfish Argyropelecus hemigymnus show that the occurrence of each fish was connected with the species composition of the planktonic luminous bacteria population (Nealson and Hastings 508). Fecal pellets were l uminescent and contained colony-forming units of luminous bacteria. Similarly, luminous fecal pellets have been reported from the Antarctic cod and a species of midwater shrimp (Nealson and Hastings 508). Because the fecal pellets of these marine animals contain viable bacteria populations, it is possible that luminous bacteria mutually benefit through unintentional propagation by their host organisms. Historical accounts from 19th century battlefield hospitals have shown that luminous bacteria in the open wounds of soldiers were considered to be a sign of healing (Nealson and Hastings 507). It is interesting to note that Xenorhabdus is known to produce antibiotics (Nealson and Hastings 508). TYPES Bioluminescence can be divided into two subcategories: terrestrial forms and aquatic forms. Terrestrial forms of bioluminescence are sparse and restricted to insects and their relatives. Beetles in particular have unique chemical reactions. Non-insect relatives include certain centipedes. Luminous centipedes are unique in that they secrete luminous slime (Simon 57). Land is largely devoid of luminous animals that utilize bacterial forms of light production. Luminous land animals are usually found in humid, heavily forested environments. Contrarily, luminous bacteria dominate the majority of aquatic environments. Luminous bacteria even thrive in arctic waters. Luminous bacteria can exist as free-living bacteria, saprophytes, and as symbionts in relationships with various marine animals. Luminous bacteria in their free-living forms are regularly present in seawater. Recent studies give further insights on luminous bacteria demography. A sampling of the waters off the coast of San Diego, California showed that Beneckea were common in the winter while P. fischeri was prevalent during the summer (Nealson and Hastings 505). A study of luminous bacteria depth distribution demonstrated that P. phosphoreum were most abundant in the midwater layer of the open ocean. Saprophytic forms of bacteria are also extremely common. These forms of luminous bacteria are quite common and live on the surfaces of dead organic material. In fact, researchers often swab the outer surface of freshly killed fish or squid to start a culture of luminous bacteria. BACTERIA REACTION As opposed to most terrestrial forms of bioluminescence, bacterial bioluminescence is the dominant form in marine habitats. Currently, six species of marine luminous bacteria belonging to the genera of Photobacterium and Beneckea have been identified. There is one species of freshwater luminous bacteria (Vibrio). Like all forms of bioluminescence known to man, light of bacterial origin involves a luciferin-luciferase reaction. Luminous bacteria generate light through the luciferase-catalyzed oxidation of the substrate flavin-mononucleotide (FMNH2) with the associated oxidation of a long-chain aldehyde. What is unique about this reaction is that it is very slow; it takes ten seconds for a single luciferase cycle to occur, making it one of the slowest enzymes (Nealson and Hastings 497). Luciferases from various luminous bacteria have been isolated; although they all share high specifity for flavin-mononucleotide and long-aldehyde, the luciferase of Photobacteria exhibits fast decay whi le that of Benecka exhibits slow decay. Recent amino acid sequencing of P. fischeri and B. harveyi support the theory that the luciferases of these two species evolved from the same monomer. Bacterial luminescence has high oxygen affinity and occurs under low concentrations of oxygen or microaerophillic conditions. It is also interesting to note that facultative anaerobes, produce extracellular chitinase, and have specific requirements for sodium ion (Nealson and Hastings 497). FIREFLY REACTION The most widely known example of bioluminescence is in the fireflies. Bioluminescence in members of the beetle order is very unique. Fireflies use precisely timed light signals to attract mates. Specialized cells within the lantern section of the abdomen like all forms of bioluminescence involve a luciferin-luciferase reaction. This reaction can be divided into two steps. First, luciferin combines with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form luciferyl adenylate and pyrophosphate (PPi). This first step requires the prescence of magnesium ions (Osamu 5). Next, the enzyme luciferase speeds up oxidation of luciferyl adenylate to form oxyluciferin, adenosine phosphate (AMP), and light. This two-part process can be expressed as: Luceferin + ATP à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Luciferyl adenylate + PPi Luciferyl adenalte + O2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Oxyluciferin + CO2 + AMP + Light FIREFLY CONTROL Although the reaction has been studied, the methods firefly use to control these flashes is still not well understood. Fireflies release the neurotransmitter octopamine that triggers a luciferin-luciferase reaction within the firefly lantern structure. However neurons synapse on tracheolar cells and not on firefly photocytes. Thus, there is a 17 micrometer gap between tracheolar cells and the photocytes. When fireflies were placed in a dark observation chamber with a steady flow of NO gas at 70 parts per million, adult Photuris fireflies immediately started to flash (Trimmer et al 2). Another not complexity in firefly light production is that fireflies can display different wavelengths of light. Because their luciferin molecules remain the same, scientists proposed that it was the color variation was the result of changes in the size of the luciferase protein cavity. Theoretically, a larger cavity would allow for more energy loss and thus lower-energy red light. Conversely, a smaller cavity would reduce energy loss and allow for higher-energy yellow and green light. Though this explanation seems to be logical, recent studies published by a team of scientists in Beijing suggest that the color of firefly light is affected by the polarity within the lantern microenvironment. Ya Jun Liu of the Beijing Normal University reports, Weve shown that the light wavelength [of the Luciola cruciata firefly] does not depend on the rigid or loose structure of luciferase but on the water H-bond network inside the cavityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Mutations of luciferase on residues involved in this network should modulate the color (Zyga 2). Though a little light is shed on how fireflies may actually the color of their light, clearly further research on the exact process is required. Marine Control In the marine environment, equally diverse techniques are employed to regulate bioluminescence. However, because most marine creatures house bacterial symbionts, light is constantly being produced and is difficult in a sense to turn on or off. Although light can attract prey and is useful in underwater communication, it also attracts unwanted attention from predators. The flashlight fish uses a retractable fold of skin as a shutter to conceal its bright photophore that lies below its eyes. In a similar sense, various luminous squids expand their chromatophores (color pigments) as to block off the emission of light. However, just recently scientists have discovered the first case of bioluminescence controlled by the use of hormones. Unlike the firefly luminescence, the velvet-belly lantern shark Etmopterus spinax relies on hormones to regulate luminescence, not nerves. Etmopterus spinax is now known to melatonin, prolactin, and alpha-MSH. These hormones are not new to science; theyve been known to control skin coloration in sharks and their cartilgenous relatives. Melatonin yields a slow, long-lasting glow on the underbelly of the shark, supposedly serving as counterilumination. On the other hand, prolactin elecits a quicker shine that only lasts up to an hour. Scientists hypothesize that the Etmopterus spinax use these relatively fast shines to singal to mates. Lastly, alpha-MSH inhibits luminescence. Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland and is known as the dark hormone for its role in sleep patterns in animals. As the shark descends deeper into the water column, its pineal gland senses the increasingly dark environment and compensates by producing melatonin. Therefore, melatonin is an ideal regulator because it is linked to the established biological processes of Etmopterus spinax. Quality of Light Chemiluminescence is the production of light through chemical reactions. Bioluminescence is simply chemiluminescence by a living organism. Therefore, bioluminescence can be considered to be a subset of chemiluminescence. The chemical reactions used to produce light are extremely efficient when compared to other methods of light production. Hence, bioluminescence is also known as cold light due to the relatively low amounts of heat that are produced. Conversely in incandescence, most of the energy used to create light is wasted as heat, and is accordingly dubbed hot light (Simon 13). Fluorescence on the other hand is the result of a special coating on the bulb that absorbs ultraviolet energy and then emits the energy as a longer wavelength of visible light. Phosphorescence is similar to fluorescence, but takes more time to re-emit light and is an overall slower process (Binger 1). INNOVATIONS The chemical luminol valued for its use as a chemiluminescent detector in crime scene investigations. Forensic investigators use luminol to specifically detect trace amounts of blood at crime scenes. To produce light, luminol needs to be activated by an oxidant. Often, a solution of hydrogen peroxide and a hydroxide salt is used to activate the luminol (Harrison 1). When a solution of luminol and the activator is sprayed upon a crime scene, trace amounts of iron present in the blood serves as a catalyst and speeds up the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The products of this chemical reaction are hydrogen and water. The luminol reacts with the hydroxide salt to form a dianion. The oxygen (produced by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide) then reacts with the diananion to form organic peroxide. This compound is unstable and immediately decomposes to produce 5-aminophthalic acid. Electrons of the 5-aminophthalic acid are initially in an excited state, but they soon return to their ground state and release their excess energy as visible photons. Thus, a blue glow is generated and lasts for up to 30 seconds. Although this technique requires a fairly dark atmosphere, the glow can be recorded by a long-exposure photograph. Bioluminescence is finding its unique applications in many fields. A team of researchers headed by Ohio State University have discovered how to manipulate a firefly gene to fight a form of cancer. These researchers were hoping to find a way to fight the cancer adult T-cell lymphoma and leukemia (ATLL). Laboratory mice had ATLL tumor cells injected into their abdomens. Normally, the tumor would progress unnoticed until it reached its later more serious phase. However, the ATLL tumor cells were genetically modified to produce firefly luciferase. Upon receiving the altered ATLL cells, the mice were injected with luciferin. This immediately triggered the biochemical reaction characteristic of the firefly, allowing the researchers to clearly record the visual progression of the tumor. Using this precise method of tracking the tumor, the were able to discover that the drug PS-341 killed over 95% of the cancerous cells (Firefly Genes 1).